See footnote 10. The Republic of Mexico seeks to extradite Valdez to answer the following charges: (1) Carrying a firearm exclusive to the Army, Navy and Air Force on or about April 9, 1996 in violation of Article 83, Section II, in accordance with Article 11, Section (b), of the Federal Law of Mexico on Weapons and Explosives;[10]. The Ninth Circuit has labeled the above statement from Gallina as speculation. Hodoyan was taken into custody for carrying an AK-47 and some marijuana. Lee tambin "Narcos Mxico 3": Bad Bunny ser un narcojunior del Cartel de Tijuana. When arrested, Gallardo said that the marijuana belonged to Benjamin Arellano Felix, which caused the issuance of an arrest warrant for Benjamin Arellano Felix. The statements attributed to Respondent Valdez from the wiretape surveillance,[35] result in a finding that Alejandro's March 3, 1997 declaration and personal notes were contrived and are unreliable. United States v. Wiebe, 733 F.2d 549, 554 (8th Cir.1984); Bozilov v. Seifert, 983 F.2d 140 (9th Cir.1992). 956 (1922). En septiembre de 2002, el Juzgado Cuarto de Procesos Penales Federales en el Estado de Mxico (antes Juzgado Primero de Distrito . The Court finds that the videotapes do show a cooperating witness. The personal notes and translation were offered to corroborate the declaration and the explanatory evidence with regard to Alejandro's testimony. Respondent's objections to this evidence and his explanatory evidence have already been addressed, and rejected. While the motion was denied, the Court did find good cause to order the production of further evidence described by the United States in its responsive papers as becoming available since the June 30, 1997 extradition hearing. Soto recounted another incident in March, 1995, during which he was told by members of the AFO that Valdez and others participated in the assassination of a man named "Endir" who was the cousin of Manolo Rico. 2d 496 (1990). [17] Article 9(1) provides in pertinent part, "the executive authority of the requested party shall have the power to deliver them up if, in its discretion, it is deemed proper to do so". Fed.R.Evid. 18 U.S.C. at 77, 78. Ante una posible enfermedad terminal, Benjamn Arellano Flix pretende obtener una liberacin humanitaria, y no pagar la pena de 25 aos de prisin en Estados Unidos. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") 1 is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . emilio valdez mainerospiral pattern printing in c. phillies front office salaries [6] The Court also directed the United States to request from Mexico, a signed statement of Seargent Ruiz and evidence of all dates of arrest after September 1, 1996 of witnesses Soto, Alejandro Hodoyan, Francisco Cabrera Castro and Gerardo Cruz Pacheco.[7]. If the drafters of the Treaty had intended the judicial officer to consider the admissibility and weight of the evidence under the law of the requesting party (i.e. *1225 Seargent Ruiz' statement appears to confirm Soto's statement that he was arrested prior to the September 27, 1996 date set forth in the statements made to the Mexican authorities. Miranda infuriated his boss by refusing to do the hit because he had plans to go shopping with his family. These issues were analyzed under that premise. [1] Valdez was identified or described at various times and by different persons or in documentary evidence with nicknames or aliases. Alfredo Miguel Hodoyn Palacios, (a) "Lobo" u "88" , fue detenido el 30 de septiembre de 1996, en San Diego California. Beyond that, he reports preparing a letter of resignation from the Department of National Defense under torture. 3184, et seq. California. Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F.2d 776, 789, 790 (9th Cir.1986). The statement is a summary of what Alejandro described to his family and includes information related to meeting General Gutierrez Rebollo as well as contact with DEA and FBI agents who pressured him to sign a confession in exchange for removal from Mexico and protection thereafter. The witnesses go on to attribute a number of other incidents based upon their personal knowledge occurring since 1994 which are competent for a finding of probable cause on this charge as well. They are under a compelled setting initiated by Mexican judicial authorities (as opposed to a self directed recantation by the declarants) and are no greater than a plea of not guilty when analyzed to similar proceedings under United States law. denied, 398 U.S. 903, 90 S. Ct. 1688, 26 L. Ed. [15] The Treaty, in Article 11, and 18 U.S.C. On September 30, 1996, the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of California, acting on behalf of the Republic of Mexico, presented to the Honorable Anthony Battaglia, United States Magistrate Judge, a complaint and a formal extradition request for Emilio Valdez Mainero (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Extraditee"). Support for its origin is suggested from a New York Times article[40]. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO was represented by retained counsel Michael Pancer. In re Petition of France for Extradition of Sauvage,819 F. Supp. [42] The response from Mexico indicates that closed proceedings related to General Rebollo are ongoing in Mexico and that Ruiz is a witness therein. 1028, 1049 (S.D.N.Y.1990); Republic of France v. Moghadam, 617 F.Supp. Under that rule, "an extraditing court will generally not inquire into the procedures or treatment which await a surrendered fugitive in the requesting country." Respondent's reliance upon Article 11, Paragraph 3, is misplaced. In Matter of Extradition of Pazienza,619 F. Supp. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") [1] is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . The . Lastly, there is no authority that requires a magistrate judge to compel disclosure of explanatory information. Treaties, by design, live well beyond the administration involved in their enactment. When they reached Toluca, Valdez and Martinez stopped to make several telephone calls, at approximately 9:00 p.m. October 21, 1996. The others in the navy blue Cutlass also left the Holiday Inn and caught up with the white Volkswagen at the village of San Mateo Atenco. The murder and conspiracy offenses, above described, survive the Respondent's challenge. The extradition proceeding is not a criminal trial nor is Respondent entitled to the rights available in a criminal trial at common law. In September of 2002, a Judge of the Federal Penal Processes in Mexico State found El Lobo, La Piedra and El Capitan guilty, and sentenced them all to . The Ninth Circuit has held that self incriminating statements of accomplices are sufficient to establish probable cause in an extradition hearing. ", "El 5 Segundos", Ricardo Gonzalez Leon, Ricardo Emilio Valdez Mainero and Emilio Ricardo Valdez. Buscar. The Secretary of State makes the ultimate decision on whether to surrender the Respondent. En una de esas fiestas fue que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue . Connect with the definitive source for global and local news. Finally, the United States submits evidence in the form of statements attributed to Respondent related to the disappearance and murder of Alejandro by the AFO and the organizations efforts to effect a recantation of Alejandro's November 30, 1996 deposition. La pequea y poco conocida . The March 3, 1997 date is taken from the first line of the document. (2) A Preparatory Statement of October 13, 1996, at 7:50 p.m. made before the First District Judge of Federal Criminal Proceedings in the State of Mexico, at the Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation Number 1, in Judicial Proceedings Courtroom Number One. Recanting statements are relevant in these proceedings as they affect probable cause. In Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F.2d 776, 815 (9th Cir.1986), the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed that hearsay evidence that would be inadmissible for other purposes is admissible in extradition hearings. R.Crim.P. Valdez moved the Court for release under the special circumstances doctrine. Fue en una de las celebraciones que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, el hijo de un coronel que en su momento fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales.Ms tarde contactaron . The authority of a magistrate judge to conduct the proceedings is provided by 18 U.S.C. Soto extensively describes other, numerous criminal activities of the AFO. In the proceeding before this Court, the Republic of Mexico (hereafter Mexico), through the United States government, seeks the extradition of United States citizen, EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO, alleged to have committed crimes in Mexico. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. In Shapiro v. Ferrandina,355 F. Supp. The allegations of torture supported by some of the self serving statements of the witnesses and some factual conflicts (i.e. The request for a provisional arrest is based, in significant part, upon the existence of a warrant for the fugitive's arrest issued in the district of the authority making the request and charging the fugitive with a commission of crime for which his extradition is sought to be obtained. He declared that, in May, 1992, Ramon Arellano-Felix and Valdez killed rival drug traffickers, the Olmos brothers, and that Valdez told him and other members of the AFO that Valdez would pay $150,000 to them if they took the blame for the Olmos murders. The case against the implicated juniors spilled into U.S. courts after the Sept. 30 arrest of Emilio Valdez Mainero, 32, the baby-faced son of a deceased army colonel from Tijuana who, his widow . No precise authority is offered in regard to this premise. En esta temporada podemos ver lo que pasa despus de la cada de Miguel ngel Flix Gallardo, interpretado por Diego Luna. Actually, this declaration is not signed by Alejandro, nor was it written by Alejandro. Id. [10] The firearms charge initially asserted by Mexico and related to the events on or about April 13, 1994 appears to have been abandoned. 25. There is no question, and no conflict in the evidence, that Gallardo and Sanchez were shot and killed by two individuals on April 9, 1996, at approximately 9:30 p.m., at the entrance of the restaurant at the Holiday Inn in Toluca, Mexico. 20, 2013) From Casetext: Smarter Legal Research. The court, for reasons explained below, grants the petition, finding the detainee extraditable. United States District Court, S.D. The admissibility of Miranda's statement, as taken by Assistant United States Attorney Curiel, was previously discussed. [8] See RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IN SUPPORT OF EXTRADITION filed September 29, 1997 (Docket No. As to Soto, his three statements to the Mexican authorities, two on September 27, 1996 and one on September 30, 1996, respectively, do not reference any injury. Extradition of Kraiselburd, 786 F.2d 1395, 1399 (9th Cir.1986). Emilio Valdez Mainero was a boyhood buddy Mr. Hodoyan chose years later to be the godfather at his first daughter's baptism. 253 (1910); Rice v. Ames,180 U.S. 371, 21 S. Ct. 406, 45 L. Ed. [41] All of these individuals are described as "prisoners" in the statement. The cohorts also said the Arellanos had on their payroll Mexican immigration agents who waved cocaine shipments across the border. According to testimony given to Mexican authorities, the Arellanos _ led by brothers Benjamin, Ramon, Javier and Francisco _ have been able to coordinate major assassinations with the aid of the attorney general of Baja California, Jose Luis Anaya Bautista. Emilio Valdez Mainero met Ramn Arellano at a posada before Christmas 1986 in the Lomas de Aguacaliente neighborhood. Mr. Valdez was referred to as "El Cabezon", "C.P. Soto contends that he was arrested on September 12, 1996 and held in custody for some weeks. 2d 476 (1968), is also unpersuasive in this regard. After receipt of the diplomatic note, Respondent was then held under the formal request for extradition and not the provisional arrest which had initiated the case. The physical description of Emilio Valdez Mainero, "El C.P." or "Cabeza de Perro," is the following: 30 years old, 1.77 or 1.76 meters, heavy build, white skin, short straight hair which . The extradition request and supporting documents are admitted into evidence during the hearing and the post hearing submissions are properly authenticated or otherwise admissible within the discretion of the Court. He later was charged with several murders, including Ibarras. [36] A recantation of Francisco Cabrera Castro is also filed and argued to support Respondent's position. 5.1 is without authority and is unavailable in any event under prevailing authority. Los narcojuniors reales de Tijuana. This is in contrast to the September 27, 1996 arrest date noted in the statement to the federal prosecutor. Emilio Valdez Mainero was a boyhood buddy Mr. Hodoyan chose years later to be the godfather at his first daughter's baptism. En septiembre de 2002, el Juzgado Cuarto de Procesos Penales Federales en el Estado de Mxico (antes Juzgado Primero de Distrito . The Court denied the motion.[3]. Another Mexican, questioned by prosecutors while in the intensive care unit of a San Diego hospital, said the hit on the 50-year-old Ibarra was planned carefully by Arellano organization members. There is no prohibition against hearsay in the extradition context because the Federal Rules of Evidence, which proscribe hearsay, do not apply to extradition. Specifically, Respondent sought "all witness statements submitted in General Gutierrez Rebollo's case to determine whether or not there is additional relevant testimony." ``Take out your AK-47, and you are going to (expletive) him right now.. 40). In Emami v. United States, 834 F.2d 1444 (9th Cir.1987), Emami contended that Germany had presented no competent evidence upon which the district court could make a finding of extraditability because Germany relied on facts which prosecutor Keller related in his affidavit which consisted solely of inadmissible hearsay statements made by Emami's former patients and employees. In the Matter of the Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. 577 (1901). 18 U.S.C. *1226 In the final analysis, the Ruiz declaration is inadmissible given the lack of authenticity, certification or reliability and does little to support the recantations of Soto and Cruz. These statements are also corroborated in significant part by Alejandro's declaration. De acuerdo con un artculo del periodista Jess Blancornelas, publicado en 2002 . This element was not challenged by the Respondent. 96-1798-M. United States District Court, S.D. The Court is not limited in its receipt of this evidence by virtue of the lack of certification. Discovery is not available in extradition proceedings. In the Matter of the EXTRADITION OF Emilio Valdez MAINERO. The credible evidence, satisfies Mexico's burden in this respect[44]. Oen Yin-Choy v. Robinson, 858 F.2d 1400, 1407 (9th Cir.1988). Bingham v. Bradley,241 U.S. 511, 36 S. Ct. 634, 60 L. Ed. In that statement, Cruz was noted to have suffered multiple burns which were attributed to an incident several days before when he was inspecting the exhaust pipe of a vehicle. Zanazanian v. United States, 729 F.2d 624, 626-27 (9th Cir.1984). The two cars stopped in the village of San Mateo Atenco. Valdez, Martinez and Contreras, were carrying small weapons in a white Volkswagen. In Matter of Extradition of Lui Kin-Hong,939 F. Supp. Miranda's testimony is not only generally consistent with the statements of others, but is based upon his acquaintance and involvement with the individuals described therein. Several days went by before Cruz met with Valdez, Martinez, Contreras and Cabrera. Case Number: 97CR2149 JM (S.D. 834 F.2d 1444, 1453. Soto also explains the details of the alleged abuse visited upon him. In support of its extradition request on the charge of criminal conspiracy, Mexico has provided, among other things, the following sworn, certified and authenticated witness statements which detail Valdez' membership and participation in the Arellano Felix drug trafficking organization: (1) Gerardo Cruz Pacheco aka "Capitan". Background. Hearsay evidence is admissible on behalf of the Respondent to establish the "obliteration" of probable cause. Twenty-eight days after he took office, Ibarra, along with two government agents and a taxi driver, was gunned down in a cab outside Mexico Citys airport. There is nothing to confirm, corroborate or verify that the facts in the statement are in fact the testimony of Sergeant Ruiz, and based upon personal knowledge. No applicable authority was presented on this point and prevailing authority as set forth herein supports this ruling. E. Alejandro Enrique Hodoyan Palacios On November 30, 1996, Alejandro Enrique Hodoyan Palacios (hereinafter "Alejandro") gave a deposition at the office of the Attorney General of the United States of Mexico. He referred to Ibarras murder and seven other major assassinations in the past 15 months that remain unsolved. In this regard, Respondent cites Article 11, Paragraph 3 of the Treaty. When the two cars arrived at the Holiday Inn in Toluca, Valdez got out of the white Volkswagen and told Contreras, "Be, cautious, wait for me here and when you see us going out from the parking lot in the white Volkswagen, you should form a `wall' so that we cannot be followed.". Respondent also offers, as evidence to defeat probable cause, recantations by Cruz and Soto relative to the earlier statements[36]. The papers have provided a behind-the-scenes look at an assassination already widely believed to be the work of the Arellanos. 777(N.D.Cal.1985). They also indicated that their boss, Ramon Arellano Felix, would be pleased with the last job they had carried out. In the Matter of Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. 371. Miranda also identifies Respondent as the person depicted in various photographs reference as numbers 53, 54, 55, 73 and 74. The right of confrontation,[46] specifically, has been held inapplicable, as have the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and the Federal Rules of Evidence. According to testimony given to . Chapo Guzman gave marijuana to Gallardo so that he could move it into the United States, but afterwards, Chapo Guzman sent the Federal Police after him. En una de las fiestas conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales, cuando existan. The document is not authenticated. 3184, Ward v. Rutherford, 921 F.2d 286, 289 (D.C.Cir.1990) and Rule 74 of the Local Civil Rules of the United States District Court of the Southern District of California. Background. [3] See Memorandum Decision Denying Bail Pending Extradition Proceedings filed 10/21/96 (Docket No. Tambin se encontraban en este grupo Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial, Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, Eduardo Len, los hermanos Endir y Henain Meza Castaos, Gustavo Miranda Santa Cruz y Fabin Martnez. These questions cannot be answered within the narrow confines of an extradition proceeding and would be most properly addressed by the Secretary of State and/or the Court in Mexico on a trial on the merits. No. The Supplemental Complaint charged Respondent with criminal association under Article 164, paragraph 1 and Article 13, section 2 of the Penal Code for the Federal District. (5) The facts and the personal information of the person sought which will permit his identification and, where possible, information concerning his location; (6) A certified copy of the warrant of arrest issued by the judge or judicial officer [in Mexico]; and. Valdez was a 2016 graduate of Warren Mott High School who had moved to Pontiac. (5) There is probable cause that a crime or crimes were committed and that the Respondent participated in or committed them. [40] U.S.-MEXICO DRUG WAR: Two Systems Collide, New York Times, July 22, 1997. Netflix lanz la ltima temporada de Narcos: Mxico, donde adems de los personajes que ya conocemos, hay UNA sorpresa: Bad Bunny. Mr. Soto also provides a physical description of Respondent. one strange rock gasp quizlet New Lab; glider timetable dundonald park and ride; 12 gauge 100 round drum; 1997). Ahora me siento segura ya que me entero inmediatamente de todo lo que sucede, inclusive antes que mi abogado y que el abogado de . 290 (S.D.Cal.1996). While 3188 requires the United States to deliver a person committed for extradition to a foreign government within two months, that provision has no application to the proceedings in this case, at this stage, as commitment does not occur prior to the certification of the Respondent's extraditability by the Court. In the proceeding before this Court, the Republic of Mexico (hereafter Mexico), through the United States government, seeks the extradition of United States citizen, EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO, alleged to have committed crimes in Mexico. No case authority is offered on this issue. This issue was not challenged by the Respondent. Specifically, the tape of the interview with Miranda, all notes and interview sheets, and documentation concerning Assistant United States Attorney Curiel's agency on behalf of Mexico. The Court's direction to the United States to request from Mexico a copy of the signed statement by Ruiz or other information confirming its authenticity and the actual arrest dates of the individuals involved has been met with a response that this information is not available. Prior to the June 30, 1997 evidentiary hearing on the extradition requests, there were numerous other filings by the United States and by counsel for the detainee as well as several status hearings. 96mg 1828(AJB). ), affirmed as modified, 478 F.2d 894 (2d Cir.1973) the court stated in part: The magistrate judge conducting the extradition proceeding has wide latitude in admitting evidence. The witnesses all identify Respondent as the perpetrator in these regards. A concern over the authenticity of the evidence offered by way of the Ruiz declaration is also present. The interviews of Alejandro in the United States confirm the uncoerced willingness of Alejandro to provide testimony concerning the criminal activities of the AFO and Respondent's role therein. The power to make treaties is constitutionally invested in the executive branch of the United States government. The case against the juniors spilled into U.S. courts after the Sept. 30 arrest of Emilio Valdez Mainero, 32, the baby-faced son of a deceased Tijuana colonel. El cantante interpreta a Arturo "Kitty" Paez, un sanguinario pero muy snob criminal . EMILIO VALDEZ-MAINERO (1) Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA. Most of the cocaine entering the United States comes from Mexico, and most of it passes through the Arellanos undisputed turf _ Baja California, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration. Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, a former presidential security guard, told Mexican officials he helped the gunmen escape after the Holiday Inn murder by forming a wall of cars as they drove off. The Department of Justice shall prepare a certification consistent with this memorandum as required by 18 U.S.C. The Court concludes that each of the crimes for which extradition is requested by Mexico are among those specified in the Treaty but that only Criminal Association and First Degree Murder are analogous to United States law. A review of the evidence submitted in support of those charges meets the requirements regarding identity and probable cause sufficient to fulfill the fifth extradition requirement. ``When they want to do a job _ when they want to bring down the hammer _ they can do it with brilliance and genius, Lupsha said. 2d 61 (1970). The two perpetrators escaped in a white Volkswagen. 30). Threats at the time were taken seriously, especially given the high profile murders of Tijuana's police chief in February 2000, followed shortly by the murder of Jose Patio . Finally, the scope of admissible evidence in an extradition hearing is guided by the distinction between contradictory and explanatory evidence. As set forth in Footnote 26, the rights normally available in a criminal trial are not available in this proceeding. Mexico also takes the position that the statement is inaccurate and not properly certified or executed. Attorney Gastelum's opinions are contradictory, at best, and excludable on that basis. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. Mexican prosecutors persuade California courts to send Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios and Emilio Valdez Mainero, alleged paid killers for a vicious drug ring based in Tijuana, back to Mexico to face . Mxico, DF - Era el nico de los altos mandos de los Arellano Flix a quien . Id. Appellant then filed a writ of habeas corpus with the district court. mayo 9, 2022. Mexico more correctly characterizes the Ruiz statement as a summary of statements by Seargent Ruiz. 1983). Challenges to the testimony of Cruz, Soto, Vasquez, Miranda and Alejandro based upon the argument that they are conclusory, unreliable hearsay, and unreliable as presented by alleged codefendants or co-conspirators are rejected. 30), he requests discovery regarding the statement by Miranda. Collins v. Loisel,259 U.S. 309, 316, 42 S. Ct. 469, 66 L. Ed. The request for discovery regarding Miranda was also submitted in RESPONDENTS SUPPLEMENTAL SUBMISSION RE: EXTRADITION AND REQUEST FOR DISCOVERY filed June 26, 1997 in Case 96-1828 (Docket No. The entire record supports the finding that probable cause exists with regard to homicide charges. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Southern District of California US Federal District Court. As to item 7, the sufficiency of the evidence, Respondent contends that the probable cause element has not been met and, therefore, there is no justification for his apprehension and commitment for extradition to Mexico. [13] The documents themselves do not have to filed in court by the 60 day period, only received by the United States. Defense counsel was provided for Mr. Cruz. As a society we cannot suspend that concept by virtue of the interest of a foreign nation in the extradition of an United States citizen, the heinous nature of the offense notwithstanding. [44] There are some inconsistencies in the testimony when various statements are compared, but these are not significant differences affecting this analysis. But federal prosecutors said that the information is valuable for this case and others, and that the mens credibility is proved by the way their stories fit together. The 33-year-old Mexican . No mention of torture or physical abuse is made. [2] The warrant was issued on a Complaint charging Respondent with carrying a firearm exclusively reserved for the military in violation of Articles 160 and 162, paragraph 3, Criminal Code for the Federal District. In the Matter of Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. [16] Further, it is not the responsibility of this Court to assess the probability that the requesting party will be able to secure a conviction. The environment where the deposition was taken is not suggestive of any coercive circumstances. 39); and, SUPPLEMENTAL ORDER DIRECTING THE UNITED STATES TO FILE ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE filed September 12, 1997 (Docket No. [41] The statement of Francisco Cabrera Castro, aka "Piedras" is offered in the Extradition of Alejandro Hodoyan Palacios, 96mg1828 AJB. Cruz identifies photographs numbered 53, 54 and 55, respectively as depictions of Respondent Valdez. [20] i.e. Si te preguntas quines son en la vida real los llamados narcojuniors de Narcos Mxico, serie de Netflix, se trata de al menos tres de los jvenes de familias acomodadas en Tijuana, Baja California, que se involucraron en temas de drogas y en especial con el Crtel de los Arellano Flix.Entre ellos, El Kitty Arturo Everardo Pez y los hermanos Hodoyan. 442 (S.D.Cal.1990). One of the gang's leaders, Ramon Arellano Felix, was placed on the FBI's Most Wanted list in September. Homicide is an extraditable offense under Article 2(1) and Appendix Part 1 of the treaty.