Solubility determinations were carried at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Cosolvents exponentially increased the solubility of both SIB and racIB, especially in the presence of PG and PEG 300. background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgb(144, 150, 14) 0%, rgb(182, 197, 42) 100%); > MDPI and/or .path-node.node--type-page .field-node--field-topics { The main objective of this work was to identify the best IL for the extraction of ibuprofen. background: #f2f2f3; The ionic structure with a protonated amine group on an L-valine ester and melting points below 100 C allowed inclusion of these ibuprofen derivatives into the pharmaceutically active protic ionic liquids. ; Caban, M.; Stepnowski, P.; Coutinho, J.A. Chopra, S.; Kumar, D. Ibuprofen as an emerging organic contaminant in environment, distribution and remediation. ; Writingreview & editing, H.W.K., A.A.M.E. Adeyeye and Barabas find that this technique has more advantages than other solid-dispersion techniques.17, When a nonporous mass is brought into contact with water, only the surface portion is in direct contact with water and subject to dissolution. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Ibu presents a hydrophilic head, the carboxylic group, and a hydrophobic tail. Dried codeine product from a cold water extraction on a pyrex tray. 44 were used to determine bulk density and porosity. color: white; Deep Eutectic Solvent Formulations and Alginate-Based Hydrogels as a New Partnership for the Transdermal Administration of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Solid dispersion is defined as the mixing of one or more active ingredients in an inert carrier or matrix at solid state. This enhances a solid drug products dissolution rate and content uniformity. Once thoroughly dissolved a little extra cold water is added to the solution to reduce the temperature and increase the total volume. /* view for ispeak top filter */ Pharmaceutics. ; Khezri, R.; Wilfred, C.D. [CDATA[>*/ } Funder: Y-UTP, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS; Grant Number: 015LC0-264. ; Coutinho, J.A. } The release of the drug from the porous solid dispersion formulation prepared by flash evaporation was rapid compared to the commercial formulation manufactured using the wet granulation method. padding-right: .5rem; In an acylation reaction, an acyl group (RCO-) is attached to the benzene ring producing a ketone. When mixed with a more polar solvent such as 2-propanol (propan-2-ol), the mixture is sufficiently polar to carry the ibuprofen through the inner layer of the skin, but not so polar that it will not dissolve ibuprofen. Mol Pharm. 2021 Aug;64:102589. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102589. The following factors affecting expansion ratio, bulk density, and porosity were studied to evaluate porous solid dispersions created with the flash evaporation technique: To study the effects of solvent volatility, only the polymer was used. #webform-submission-affiliate-chapter-add-or-remove-add-form div.tabledrag-toggle-weight-wrapper,.field-suffix { Ibuprofen is often administered in a solid oral dosage form with a high dose (200800 mg). Due to environmental Due to environmental } 22 and no. New ibuprofen derivatives were made via conjugation with L-valine alkyl esters (ValOR), where R was changed from an ethyl to a hexyl group. flex-direction: column; opacity: 1; WebIbuprofen is slightly soluble in water and very soluble in ethanol. border-top: 1px solid #d2d2d2; Oxycodone pills may be combined with ibuprofen[9], asprin, acetaminophen, or naltrexone under various brand names in the United States. Hence, COSMO-RS was used to screen suitable IL combinations for the selection of potential ILs. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Saudi Pharm J. In this example, the starting material is a generic box of 32 tablets, each containing 8mg codeine phosphate and 500mg paracetamol. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Piastw Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland These include but are not limited to hydrocodone, codeine and oxycodone. Korsmeyer derived a relationship that described drug release from a polymeric system. 26 ; Khalfaoui, M.; Duclaux, L. Steric and energetic interpretations of the equilibrium adsorption of two new pyridinium ionic liquids and ibuprofen on a microporous activated carbon cloth: Statistical and COSMO-RS models. ; Goto, M.; Moniruzzaman, M. Ionic Liquid-Based Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane for the Extraction of the Poorly Soluble Drug Ibuprofen. DOI: 10.1039/D0RA00100G. Nanofiltration as tertiary treatment method for removing trace pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater from wastewater treatment plants. ; Rashid, Z.; Khamis, M.I. Khan, P.A. Garcia-Ivars, J.; Martella, L.; Massella, M.; Carbonell-Alcaina, C.; Alcaina-Miranda, M.I. Hegge AB, Msson M, Kristensen S, Tnnesen HH. Ibuprofen is a relatively non-polar molecule, so it can be absorbed easily through the outer skin layer, but has difficulty penetrating the inner layer. Goyal, R.K.; Jayakumar, N.S. The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) is an efficient tool that can be used to screen ILs specifically for ibuprofen extraction. ,21. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mechanism of solubilization of a model drug, ibuprofen, in cosolvent-water mixtures by applying enthalpy-entropy compensation analysis. ; Bustam, M.A. Screening of suitable ionic liquids as green solvents for extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from microalgae biomass using COSMO-RS model. With refrigeration and subsequent lowering of the water temperature to the near freezing temperature of ~0C, the paracetamol waste product is then removed by filtration. Ibuprofen is practically insoluble in water at room temperature, which allows for a very simple extraction process. Ibuprofen has a solubility of 21 mg/L at 25 C [3]. Paracetamol has a solubility of 14,000 mg/L at 25 C[2]. > Kaya, S.I. Dissolution of ibuprofen enantiomers from coprecipitates and suspensions containing chiral excipients. In Australia and the UK, ibuprofen lysine is sold as Nurofen Express. Kang, B.; Tang, H.; Zhao, Z.; Song, S. Hofmeister series: Insights of ion specificity from amphiphilic assembly and interface property. They provide transport for ibuprofen through the skin at much higher rate than the unmodified acid and a higher permeated ibuprofen concentration, which can improve efficacy. 22 and no. .field-node--field-files .field-item::before { The bulk volume of the porous mass was noted in terms of expansion ratio and percentage porosity. The resultant dry porous mass was crushed and passed through sieves no. Since there is no research on IL-based ELM applications for Ibf extraction, the identified IL was used in this work to develop an ionic liquid-based green emulsion liquid membrane (ILGELM) for Ibf extraction. The enthalpy of solution of ibuprofen in the solvent mixtures varied nonlinearly with solvent composition. [4] It is accepted that overuse of paracetamol can result in liver failure and possible death. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Epub 2021 May 20. Ibuprofen in the ratio of 2.5% (i.e., 100 mg of total weight of PVP)was placed in a round-bottom flask and dissolved in acetone using a carriersolvent ratio of 1:2. Uses. Removal of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from aqueous environments with reusable ionic-liquid-based systems. Porous solid dispersion prepared by flash evaporation had a better dissolution profile than the commercial tablet, and the pure ibuprofen sample had the slowest dissolution rate (Figure 6). This means that codeine will readily dissolve in room temperature and cold water. #webform-submission-headshot-update-request-add-form div.tabledrag-toggle-weight-wrapper,.field-suffix { Ibuprofen is a NSAID which presents very low values of solubility in water at room temperature [34, 59]. When pure ibuprofen was heated from 25C to 100C at 10 K/min, the DSC curve showed the melting point to be around 77.87C (Figure 2). Zhang, C.; Song, Z.; Jin, C.; Nijhuis, J.; Zhou, T.; Nol, T.; Grger, H.; Sundmacher, K.; van Hest, J.; Hessel, V. Screening of functional solvent system for automatic aldehyde and ketone separation in aldol reaction: A combined COSMO-RS and experimental approach. The insoluble ibuprofen and binders will be the bottom layer of the container, and the aqueous, Using a syringe or dropper, the aqueous layer is filtered and harvested into another container for drying or immediate use. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. ; Bustam, M.A. display:none; There are also effervescent forms of the product, which are not desirable for extraction purposes due to the increased solubility of the paracetamol, and other contaminants included in high quantity such as sodium. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) instrument was used for thermal analyses of the pure drug and a physical mixture of the drug and PVP K-30 as a solid dispersion. The amount of drug was measured form the absorbance of UV spectrophotometer at 214nm. Ibuprofen peaks were observed at 2,937.59 cm1 corresponding to C-H stretching aromatic. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. The dissociation (ionisation) of ibuprofen in aqueous solution can be represented as shown below: The low value for the acid dissociation (ionisation) constant indicates that the equilibrium position lies very far to the left. ; Ooi, B.S. Ting, H.C.; Khan, H.W. Net organic solvents solubilize Ibu better than water. The process for extracting opioids from products which also contain ibuprofen is much easier than that of paracetamol, but the products are usually more expensive per mg of codeine. border-radius: 0; border-top: 1px solid #d2d2d2; #webform-submission-affiliate-chapter-add-or-remove-add-form div.tabledrag-toggle-weight-wrapper,.field-suffix { ; Johl, S.K. color: #00649d; 7 The formula of ibuprofen is 2- (4-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid and its initial development was in 1960 while researching for a safer alternative for aspirin. A total of 152 different cationanion combinations consisting of eight aromatic and non-aromatic cations and nineteen anions were screened. Additionally, the FTIR spectrum of ibuprofen showed that principal peaks were observed at wave numbers of 511.15/cm to 683.7/cm for aromatic C-H deformation; 772.52/cm for aromatic C-H deformation (two adjacent free Hs); 938.40/cm for aromatic C-H deformation (one adjacent free Hs); 1,074.39/cm for C-N vibration; 1,241.23/cm for C-O stretching; 1,329.00/cm for O-H bend; 1,435.09/cm for C=H deformation (CH3CH2); 1,715.74/cm for C=C stretching of - unsaturated ring; and 2,942.51/cm for C-H stretching. .tabs.tabs-strip { /* view for on demand webinar top filter */ The flask was heated, and the boiling concentrated solution was subjected to sudden vacuum at 760 mmHg to yield a porous mass. ; Knani, S.; Lamine, A.B. 44. /* fix event calendar month & year fields */ margin-bottom: 15px; /* fix file name width */ Several previous studies have explored the increment of with temperature and the addition of some organic co-solvents [60, 61]. /* fix flex col 3 */ Thin mesh filter material such as a paper towel or a thin shirt. #views-exposed-form-training-courses-block-1 { ; Elgharbawy, A.A.; Bustam, M.A. 2022 Sep 21;13:1004332. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1004332. Thus, synthesised ibuprofen derivatives could be used as drug carriers in transdermal systems to provide better drug bioavailability, and they can be also be the source of exogenous L-valine. padding-right: .5rem; Mohammed, S.A.; Yahya, W.Z. 2023. Step 3: Add a couple of drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the warm solution in the conical flask. Topical drug products and cosmetics are often manufactured in the same facility under a unified quality standard that supports the topical drug products performance and label claims. For this reason, it is essential that the paracetamol portion of the opioid/opiate containing product be removed before ingestion of recreational doses of opioids with high amounts of any over-the-counter or prescription painkiller products. .ispeak-filters .form-actions { An agile regulatory pathway to implement alternative filters and resins into manufacturing is necessary to ensure the continued supply of approved biologics. Muiz-Gonzlez, A.B. It is essential to explore ILs that are effective for recovering ibuprofen, among millions of ILs. Sigma surface along with -profile and -potential are shown in, The capacity of the 152 IL combinations was evaluated at 25 C, and the results are presented in, Selectivity is an important parameter governing the extraction ability of ILs. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ibuprofen as an emerging pollutant on non-target aquatic invertebrates: Effects on Chironomus riparius. -ms-flex-direction:column; Other research suggests that the porous solid dispersion prepared by flash evaporation technique may offer the following advantages:20 margin: 0; } Prediction of potential ionic liquids (ILS) for the solid liquid extraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from microalgae using COSMO-RS screening model. The solution is stirred and placed in a freezer for about 30 minutes, which should be enough time to reach close to freezing point and for the paracetamol to begin to precipitate out of the solution visibly. Ibuprofen is a weak acid . Ibuprofen (IB), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is a chiral molecule and is currently used clinically as a racemate (racIB). XRD patterns of pure ibuprofen and the solid dispersion were taken. It is not essential to use a freezer to cool the mixture, but it will certainly speed up the separation process and ensure that a minimal amount of ibuprofen is left in the final extract. @media (max-width: 860px) { The tablets are removed from the package and dropped into a small amount of warm water. Drug-release studies were carried out in triplicate. Molecules. Step 4: Titrate the contents of the flask with the NaOH(aq) from the burette until a permanent pink colour appears. The maximum increase in bulk and porosity occurs at the boiling point of the solvent. Khan, H.W. padding: 1.5rem; Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory medicine. to access the full features of the site or access our, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Piastw Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Powstacw Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence, Copyright display: block; Spectra were recorded in the 4,000 cm1 to 400 cm1 region22 Kurnia, K.A. #webform-submission-officer-submission-form-add-form table th { Doctors can offer higher strengths; 10mg/20mg/30mg of dihydrocodeine, along with 500mg paracetamol.[8]. Several large glasses or containers (if one wishes to dry the extract), Water (Ideally filtered or distilled/de-ionized) - This is the solvent that will carry the desired. This guide is provided for informational and educational purposes only. These common viral infections can cause aches and pains, fevers, sore throat, and headaches. Khan, H.W. Solubility, Solvents Abstract Using a laser monitoring technique, the solubility of ibuprofen in ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate was determined in the temperature range from (283.15 to 318.15) K. } } The solubilization process is discussed in terms of solvent polarity and differential solid-state structure of raclB and SIB. Performing the titration to determine the ibuprofen content of tablets. Understanding the effect of pH on the solubility of Gamavuton-0 in the aqueous solution: Experimental and COSMO-RS modelling. ; Reddy, A.V.B. The identified IL can be used as an extractant with different extraction techniques. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Want chemistry games, drills, tests and more? The structural formula is represented below: ; Bustam, M.A. Toledo-Neira, C.; lvarez-Lueje, A. Ionic liquids for improving the extraction of NSAIDs in water samples using dispersive liquidliquid microextraction by high performance liquid chromatography-diode arrayfluorescence detection. At 40 C and possibly at 25 C, the solubility initially increased slightly to a maximum level as a small amount of water was added before then decreasing. .webform-submission-contact-ispe-form .description { 22 and no. Ibuprofen is a weak acid and is lipid soluble; hence, it is feasible that it may be able to cross membranes without the need for specific transporters [1]. } It is a Bio-pharmaceutical Classification System class II drug (aqueous solubility <0.1 mg/mL). } Considering the molecular structure, COSMO performs geometry optimization and calculates the polarization charged density [, Using these interaction parameters, the chemical potential is calculated, which is further used to estimate AC, The aqueous phase inherent affinity of Ibf can be found by the evaluation of solvation energies [, The Ibf removal efficiency was calculated using the formula. Rezaei Motlagh, S.; Harun, R.; Awang Biak, D.R. Rezaei Motlagh, S.; Harun, R.; Awang Biak, D.R. /* contact form */ Khan, P.A. The entropy of solution of ibuprofen showed similar trend as that of heat of solution. Jusoh, N.; Othman, N.; Nasruddin, N.A. Temperature: Boiling point of acetone (i.e., 56.2C). [TMAm][SO, Ibf (pure) was procured from PubChem. Explain (2 sts:) would expect ibuprofen if soluble as it is a lipophilic carboxylic acid_ Which will make VOU react 50 you can get sodium salt from carboxylic acid, Explain why even though 1-pentadecanl andmethanol are alcohols, 1-pentadecanol is little soluble in methanol at room Ibuprofen is practically insoluble in water at room temperature, which allows for a very simple extraction process. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between the monoprotic acid ibuprofen (R-COOH) and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH): Calculate the average titre of NaOH using only the concordant titre results: Calculate the moles of NaOH used in the reaction with ibuprofen. Thus, ibuprofen (Ibu) is slightly soluble in water about 0.11 mg/ml at 25C. Drug release that follows first-order kinetics can be expressed by the following equation: where Qt is the initial amount of drug dissolved at time t, Q0 is the amount of drug in the solution, and K is the first-order release rate constant. background: #f2f2f3; Various techniques such as particle size reduction, crystal habit modification, complexation, solubilization, solid dispersion in carriers, and salt formation have been employed to improve the aqueous solubility of class II drugs. ; Bustam, M.A. WebIbuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) derived from propionic acid and it is considered the first of the propionics. However, for PG-ethanol mixtures, no peak was observed in the H versus Ghm plot suggesting that one mechanism is responsible for the decrease in ibuprofen solubility as the amount of PG was increased. The outer layer of the skin consists largely of non-polar molecules, while the inner layer of the skin consists largely of polar molecules. AAI3033111, Ismail Mahmoud Khalifeh, Purdue University. (Figure 1) Part A You may want to reference (Pages 532-538) Section 13.3 while completing this problem. E. Janus, P. Ossowicz, J. Klebeko, A. Nowak, W. Duchnik, . Kucharski and A. Klimowicz, Accessibility Statement, Purdue University Press Open Access Collections. Increased porosity exposes a greater surface area of the product to the dissolution fluid and encourages penetration and circulation of dissolution fluid into the mass due to capillary action. ; Yaziz, M.I. ; Goto, M.; Moniruzzaman, M. Screening of ionic liquids for the extraction of biologically active compounds using emulsion liquid membrane: COSMO-RS prediction and experiments. Our investigation suggests that the flash evaporation technique can improve the efficacy of the solid dispersion by converting it into porous form. Leave the mixture to settle for about 30 minutes in the freezer. Water and the alcohols used as organic solvents present numerous hydrogen bonds which hinder the formation of a cavity which is located around the solute. WebIbuprofen is a nonselective COX inhibitor (see Fig. } Ibuprofen Properties Ibuprofen is a white or nearly white crystalline powder or colorless crystals having a slight characteristic odor.2,3 Solubility Ibuprofen is practically insoluble in water; with a solubility of less than 0.01 mg/mL, but is very soluble in ethanol.2,3,7 It will dissolve in dilute aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides and J Pharm Sci. The .gov means its official. display: none; ; Moniruzzaman, M.; Nasef, M.M.E. ; Rogers, R.D. proxy server. The solubility of ibuprofen in pure solvents decreased in the following order: DMSO > methanol > ethanol > isopropanol > n-propanol > PEG-200 > PG > At low cosolvent mole fraction, up to the maximum in enthalpy and entropy versus composition curves, the solubility of ibuprofen was entropy driven while beyond the peaks, the solubility of ibuprofen was enthalpy driven. Extraction was carried out utilizing an ionic liquid-based emulsion liquid membrane (ILELM). color: #fff; Jeliski, T.; Cysewski, P. Screening of ionic liquids for efficient extraction of methylxanthines using COSMO-RS methodology. In the in vitro dissolution studies of formulations containing ibuprofen, pure ibuprofen had the slowest dissolution rate. } .homepage-feature-banners .field-items .field-item:nth-child(2) .field-name-field-banner-heading, Epub 2020 Oct 15. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. The solubility of codeine is 9000 mg/L at 20 C. The vast majority of ibuprofen molecules in an aqueous solution will be found as the undissociated ibuprofen molecules. ; Johl, S.K. The regression coefficient data obtained from various release kinetics models are as follows: The drug-release kinetic model with the highest regression coefficient value (R2) was considered to be the drug-release mechanism. Other opioids have different breakdown temperatures so every extraction should be preformed with the specific opioid one is working with in mind. ; Moniruzzaman, M. Design and Selection of Ionic Liquids via COSMO for Pharmaceuticals and Medicine. Investigation of curcumin-cyclodextrin inclusion complexation in aqueous solutions containing various alcoholic co-solvents and alginates using an UV-VIS titration method. The experimental results indicated that the predicted COSMO-RS and the experimental results were in good agreement. } Madikizela, L.M. The highest PI values were observed for [TMAm][SO, The solvation energy is related to a molecules basic chemical structure in the aqueous phase [, The ability of extraction for cations and SO, For the experimental verification of the COSMO-RS results, seven ILs were chosen. Investigators withdrew 5-mL aliquots at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes and replaced each aliquot with 5 mL of fresh dissolution media. .ispeak-filters .form-item { Hence, the main objective of this work was to identify the best cationanion combination to be used in a potential IL for the removal of Ibf from aqueous streams. You can use material from PG and PEG 300 increased the solubility of SIB by 400-fold and 1500-fold, respectively, whereas the rise in solubility for racIB was 193-fold and 700-fold, respectively, at 25 degrees C for the highest concentration of the cosolvents used (80% v/v). Molecules 2023, 28, 2345. article in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. 2022 Apr 15;14(4):864. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040864. Pharmaceutics. It can be also be expressed as: where C0 is the initial concentration of drug, k is the first-order rate constant, and t is the time.26 Accurately weighed physical mixtures of prepared formulation, each equivalent to 100 mg of ibuprofen, were added to 900 mL of dissolution medium (PBS pH 7.2) in a basket-type apparatus and stirred at a speed of 50 rpm at 37C 0.5C. The product is simply dissolved in warm water, mixed thoroughly with the codeine containing pills, then the aqueous layer containing the extracted codeine or other opioid/opiate is harvested the ibuprofen waste product is then removed by filtration. The following relation is used to express the Higuchi model: where is the initial amount of drug dissolved in time and is the Higuchi release constant. A porous solid dispersion prepared by the flash evaporation technique is easier to grind into granules. The maximum in enthalpy and entropy of solution appeared at the same cosolvent mole fraction. Additionally, pure drug ibuprofen and a commercially available ibuprofen tablet manufactured using the wet granulation method were tested. #webform-submission-officer-submission-form-add-form table th { #webform-submission-officer-submission-form-add-form div.tabledrag-toggle-weight-wrapper,.field-suffix { Multiple kinetic models describe the release behavior of drug from the dosage forms. border-bottom: 1px solid #d2d2d2; Percentages of the drug dissolved at various time intervals were calculated (Table 5). Volkova TV, Simonova OR, Levshin IB, Perlovich GL. display:none; The thermodynamic parameters for the solubilization process are presented. Doctors can offer co-codamol containing 15mg or 30mg of codeine phosphate per pill along with 500mg paracetamol.[7]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Moulahcene, L.; Kebiche-Senhadji, O.; Skiba, M.; Lahiani-Skiba, M.; Oughlis-Hammache, F.; Benamor, M. Cyclodextrin polymers for ibuprofen extraction in aqueous solution: Recovery, separation, and characterization. border-left: 1px solid #d2d2d2; Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Toxicity of non-opioid painkiller products, Dihydrocodeine and paracetamol (co-dydramol), NIH, Liver Toxicity Sheet for Acetaminophen (Last updated 2018) |, FDA Written submission to the NDAC meeting on risks of NSAIDs, August 2002, https://livertox.nih.gov/Acetaminophen.htm, https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/02/briefing/3882B2_06_International%20Ibuprofen%20Foundation.htm, https://psychonautwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Extraction_of_opioids_from_painkiller_products&oldid=153045, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. All chemicals used were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. The developed ILGELM was applied for the extraction of Ibf. /*-->