white lotus rebellion white lotus rebellion

2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. And so the war was waged. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Nothing is known of his end. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. 22 Feb. 2023 . Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Chien-lung ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. "Tianlijiao ", in. ThoughtCo. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The rebels are all our own subjects. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. XIX Century Civil Wars. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. They are not like some external tribe . The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. ", Dai, Yingcong. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). ." Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. (February 22, 2023). The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. . This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794.